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It is worth noting that during the last two decades, the pharmaceutical industry has donated [http://cleanairquality.blogspot.gr/2007/12/rwjfs-446-million-contribution-to-boost.html hundreds of millions of dollars] to organizations that lobby for smoking bans.
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It is worth noting that during the last two decades, the pharmaceutical industry has donated [http://cleanairquality.blogspot.gr/2007/12/rwjfs-446-million-contribution-to-boost.html hundreds of millions of dollars] to organisations that lobby for smoking bans.
 
   
 
   
 
Was this an exercise in philanthropy on the part of the caring pharmaceutical industry?
 
Was this an exercise in philanthropy on the part of the caring pharmaceutical industry?
 
   
 
   
Not exactly. Big Pharma is an industry every bit as profit-driven, cutthroat and devious as any other global industry. Smoking bans represent a lucrative market opportunity for Nicotine  Replacement Therapy products (nicotine patches, nicotine gum etc.), to be '''maximized at all costs''', collateral damage notwithstanding. The more bans there are, and the more draconian the penalties for transgression, the better the market penetration. In this instance, the costs of their drive for greater market penetration are borne by smokers around the world in the form of marginalization, restrictions as to where they are permitted to smoke, and demonization/denormalization.  The theory behind this pogrom is that smokers will be driven to quit, and in doing so, will turn to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), which is, of course, manufactured by those same pharmaceutical companies who are funding the Tobacco Control Industry. The hundreds of millions Big Pharma spends in funding Anti-Smoking and general smoking-ban initiatives is small beer when set against the profits from sales of NRT and smoking cessation products.
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Not exactly. Big Pharma is an industry every bit as profit-driven, cutthroat and devious as any other global industry. Smoking bans represent a lucrative market opportunity for Nicotine  Replacement Therapy products (nicotine patches, nicotine gum etc.), to be '''maximised at all costs''', collateral damage notwithstanding. The more bans there are, and the more draconian the penalties for transgression, the better the market penetration. In this instance, the costs of their drive for greater market penetration are borne by smokers around the world in the form of marginalisation, restrictions as to where they are permitted to smoke, and demonisation/denormalisation.  The theory behind this pogrom is that smokers will be driven to quit, and in doing so, will turn to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), which is, of course, manufactured by those same pharmaceutical companies who are funding the Tobacco Control Industry. The hundreds of millions Big Pharma spends in funding Anti-Smoking and general smoking-ban initiatives is small beer when set against the profits from sales of NRT and smoking cessation products.
  
 
<blockquote>The prescription nicotine dependence market is set to grow strongly at a compound annual growth rate of 16% to reach $4.6 billion by 2016 ...<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080926025357/http://www.pharmaceutical-business-review.com/article_feature.asp?guid=C6E81C1A-8DBE-40EE-85B1-A463A5544D89 Pharmaceutical Business (Archive)]</ref></blockquote>  
 
<blockquote>The prescription nicotine dependence market is set to grow strongly at a compound annual growth rate of 16% to reach $4.6 billion by 2016 ...<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080926025357/http://www.pharmaceutical-business-review.com/article_feature.asp?guid=C6E81C1A-8DBE-40EE-85B1-A463A5544D89 Pharmaceutical Business (Archive)]</ref></blockquote>  
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<blockquote>It took over three months to get the information<ref>[http://www.freedom2choose.info/press_viewer.php?id=56 NRT: Studies Destroy “Four Times More Likely To Quit With NHS” Claim]</ref></blockquote>
 
<blockquote>It took over three months to get the information<ref>[http://www.freedom2choose.info/press_viewer.php?id=56 NRT: Studies Destroy “Four Times More Likely To Quit With NHS” Claim]</ref></blockquote>
  
When that information was finally forthcoming, the figures showed a 6.5% quit rate for those using NRT, and a 6% quit rate for those going "cold turkey, i.e. without using NRT." So much for the "15% success rate" and "four times more likely" claims.
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When that information was finally forthcoming, the figures showed a 6.5% quit rate for those using NRT, and a 6% quit rate for those going "cold turkey, i.e. without using NRT". So much for the "15% success rate" and "four times more likely" claims.
  
One study even found a quit rate using NRT as low as 0.8%!<ref>[http://tobaccoanalysis.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/new-study-shows-that-even-extended.html New Study Shows That Even Extended Nicotine Replacement Therapy is Extremely Ineffective; Unaided Quitting Rates are Far Better]</ref> Hardly a ringing endorsement of NRT.  
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One study even found a quit rate using NRT as low as 0.8%!<ref>[http://tobaccoanalysis.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/new-study-shows-that-even-extended.html New Study Shows That Even Extended Nicotine Replacement Therapy is Extremely Ineffective; Unaided Quitting Rates are Far Better]</ref>. Hardly a ringing endorsement of NRT.  
 
In fact in most cases, the success rate was higher if '''no''' NRT was used.
 
In fact in most cases, the success rate was higher if '''no''' NRT was used.
  
Additionally, a study by Reuven Dar and Jean-Jacques Etter showed that commonly used placebo tests that test the effect of NRT products, carried out by the pharmaceutical nicotine producers, are defective and overestimate the effect of those products. <ref>[http://whyquit.com/studies/2005_Dar_NRT_Placebo_Effect.pdf Assigned Versus Perceived Placebo Effects in Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking Reduction in Swiss Smokers]</ref>
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Gregory N. Connolly, professor of the Practice of Public Health, Director, Center for Global Tobacco Control recently published a study <ref>[http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2012/01/10/tobaccocontrol-2011-050129.abstract A prospective cohort study challenging the effectiveness of population-based medical intervention for smoking cessation]</ref> that he co-authored that came to the following conclusion  
Gregory N. Connolly, professor of the Practice of Public Health, Director, Center for Global Tobacco Control recently published a study <ref>[http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2012/01/10/tobaccocontrol-2011-050129.abstract A prospective cohort study challenging the effectiveness of population-based medical intervention for smoking cessation]</ref> that he co-authored that came to the following conclusion:
 
  
 
<blockquote>This study finds that persons who have quit smoking relapsed at equivalent rates, whether or not they used NRT to help them in their quit attempts. Cessation medication policy should be made in the larger context of public health, and increasing individual treatment coverage should not be at the expense of population evidence-based programmes and policies.</blockquote>  
 
<blockquote>This study finds that persons who have quit smoking relapsed at equivalent rates, whether or not they used NRT to help them in their quit attempts. Cessation medication policy should be made in the larger context of public health, and increasing individual treatment coverage should not be at the expense of population evidence-based programmes and policies.</blockquote>  
  
Please note that letters disagreeing with this study were all submitted by researchers who had ties to the pharmaceutical industry.<ref>[http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2012/01/10/tobaccocontrol-2011-050129.abstract/reply#tobaccocontrol_el_3882 Replies to A prospective cohort study challenging the effectiveness of population-based medical intervention for smoking cessation ]</ref> What is intriguing about this study is that it was completed in 2006 yet it was only published in January 2012.  Could Professor Connolly's resignation <ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704405704576064000800551720.html FDA Tobacco Adviser Resigns ]</ref> from the FDA tobacco-advisory committee have anything to do with it? Could his support <ref>[http://axcessnews.com/index.php/articles/show/id/21667 Harvard Prof's Interview Lends Impetus to 22nd Century Group's Very Low Nicotine Tobacco ]</ref>  of a pharmaceutical smoked cigarette (that would most probably compete with nicotine replacement treatment) have anything to do with the delayed publication of this study?  Whatever the reasons, it is quite strange that in the ''publish or perish'' world of epidemiology,<ref>[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=411323 'Publish or perish' culture distorting research results]</ref> research would be published after a 6-year delay  
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Please note that letters disagreeing with this study were all submitted by researchers who had ties to the pharmaceutical industry.<ref>[http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2012/01/10/tobaccocontrol-2011-050129.abstract/reply#tobaccocontrol_el_3882 Replies to A prospective cohort study challenging the effectiveness of population-based medical intervention for smoking cessation ]</ref> What is intriguing about this study is that it was completed in 2006 yet it was only published in January 2012.  Could Professor Connolly's resignation <ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704405704576064000800551720.html FDA Tobacco Adviser Resigns ]</ref> from the FDA tobacco-advisory committee have anything to do with it? Could his support <ref>[http://axcessnews.com/index.php/articles/show/id/21667 Harvard Prof's Interview Lends Impetus to 22nd Century Group's Very Low Nicotine Tobacco ]</ref>  of a pharmaceutical smoked cigarette (that would most probably compete with nicotine replacement treatment) have anything to do with the delayed publication of this study?  Whatever the reasons, it is quite strange that in the ''publish or perish'' world of epidemiology <ref>[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=411323 'Publish or perish' culture distorting research results]</ref>, research would be published after a 6-year delay  
  
 
But when even the father of the universally known and utilized ''nicotine dependence test'', Karl Fagerström,  has a change of heart  and now concedes that nicotine is not the only reason people smoke, is it any wonder nicotine replacement therapy is virtually useless? <ref>[http://www.formindep.org/Fagerstrom-Finds-His-Way-To.html Fagerström Finds His Way To Damascus]</ref>
 
But when even the father of the universally known and utilized ''nicotine dependence test'', Karl Fagerström,  has a change of heart  and now concedes that nicotine is not the only reason people smoke, is it any wonder nicotine replacement therapy is virtually useless? <ref>[http://www.formindep.org/Fagerstrom-Finds-His-Way-To.html Fagerström Finds His Way To Damascus]</ref>
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The nicotine addiction fallacy, rather than helping science progress, creates barriers to further scientific research on tobacco. In Professor Robert Molimard's wise words:   
 
The nicotine addiction fallacy, rather than helping science progress, creates barriers to further scientific research on tobacco. In Professor Robert Molimard's wise words:   
  
<blockquote> (...) having arbitrarily decided that nicotine alone explains tobacco dependence and having it engrained in the minds of doctors, the authorities and the public, any research on the other possible factors of this dependency is now excluded in advance and a vast new market is made available for commercial exploitation by the pharmaceutical industry.<ref>[http://cagecanada.blogspot.ca/2010/12/beliefs-manipulation-and-lies-in.html Beliefs, Manipulation and Lies in the Tobacco Issue]</ref></blockquote>
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<blockquote> (...) having arbitrarily decided that nicotine alone explains tobacco dependence and having it engrained in the minds of doctors, the authorities and the public, any research on the other possible factors of this dependency is now excluded in advance and a vast new market is made available for commercial exploitation by the pharmaceutical industry<ref>[http://cagecanada.blogspot.ca/2010/12/beliefs-manipulation-and-lies-in.html Beliefs, Manipulation and Lies in the Tobacco Issue]</ref>.</blockquote>  
 
 
Patrick Basham and John C. Luik of the think tank ''Democracy Institute'' explain in a recently published paper why pharmaceutical assistance in quitting smoking is a prescription for failure: 
 
 
 
<blockquote> A further important point is that NRT continues to dominate smoking cessation because of the pernicious effect of the addiction model of smoking. Because smokers are continually told that tobacco use is addictive, indeed, more
 
addictive than hard drugs such as heroin and cocaine, they are encouraged to believe that the only effective way in which to stop smoking is through a professionally administered pharmaceutical intervention. By convincing smokers that they are addicted (read powerless on their own to stop smoking),
 
the move to NRT as the only way to combat this addiction is seen as normative. Unassisted smoking cessation is seen as ineffective since smokers’ confidence in their ability to succeed is undermined by their belief that they are addicted.<ref>[http://www.democracyinstitute.org/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=108974&A=SearchResult&SearchID=4783725&ObjectID=108974&ObjectType=6 PRESCRIPTION FOR CONFLICT: WHY THE ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY AND THE ANTI-TOBACCO MOVEMENT IS NOT IN THE BEST INTERESTS OF SMOKERS]</ref></blockquote>
 
 
 
Israeli studies conducted by Dr. Reuven Dar conclude that nicotine is not addictive as physiological addictions are usually defined. Nicotine does have a physiological role in increasing cognitive abilities but it's not an addictive substance -- like heroin for example -- which creates biological withdrawal symptoms.  Dr. Dar believes that understanding smoking as a habit, as opposed to an addiction, will put the emphasis on psychological and behavioral aspects when helping smokers quit. This is less than likely to happen, because with the billions of profits Big Pharma risks to lose if the nicotine addiction theory is  disproved by an ever increasing number of researchers, it will persistently defend it anyway: they will always find scientists and tobacco control advocates all too eager to perpetuate a fallacy for money.  ''These findings might not be popular with advocates of the nicotine addiction theory, because they undermine the physiological role of nicotine and emphasize mind over matter when it comes to smoking '' Dr. Dar sharply opines. <ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100713144920.htm Smoking Mind Over Smoking Matter: Surprising New Study Shows Cigarette Cravings Result from Habit, Not Addiction]</ref>
 
 
 
Funding Tobacco Control organizations, astroturf groups and bans is not all the pharmaceutical industry does to boost its profits. It also practices a devious way to advertise cessation drugs (without even naming them) in the form of infomercials that mislead the viewer into thinking that they are public service  messages.  A typical example can be found here: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j8orUjJXkKo New Advertising Trend: Fake "Public Service" Ads ] .  The following quit ''campaign'' [http://quit-smoking-canada.ca/en/home/ Quit Smoking Canada ] carries a tiny mention at the bottom ''This campaign is brought to you by one of canada’s leading research-based pharmaceutical companies '' without which the reader would have never known that it was Big Pharma funded.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
<references />
 
<references />
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==Company Listing==
 
==Company Listing==
 
===Johnson &amp; Johnson===  
 
===Johnson &amp; Johnson===  
:Under the banner of its subsidiary, McNeil Consumer Products, J&amp;J markets the Nicotrol nicotine patch and nicotine inhaler. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation is a big shareholder in J&amp;J and began its massive funding of tobacco control in the U.S. in 1991, the same year the FDA approved the nicotine patch as a prescription drug. Pharmacia reacquired the rights to market the Nicotrol Inhaler in North America from J&amp;J's McNeil in July 2000.
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:Under the banner of its subsidiary, McNeil Consumer Products, J&amp;J markets the Nicotrol nicotine patch and nicotine inhaler. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation is the biggest single shareholder in J&amp;J and began its massive funding of tobacco control in the U.S. in 1991, the same year the FDA approved the nicotine patch as a prescription drug. Pharmacia reacquired the rights to market the Nicotrol Inhaler in North America from J&amp;J's McNeil in July 2000.
 
 
 
===GlaxoSmithKline===  
 
===GlaxoSmithKline===  
 
:Pharmaceutical giants Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham merged on December 27, 2000, making the new company the world's biggest drugs group by sales. Glaxo Wellcome markets Zyban (buproprion) and SKB markets Nicoderm CQ nicotine patch and Nicorette gum. One of the major holdups in getting FTC approval for the merger was that both companies sold smoking cessation products, but even though these cessation products accounted for less than 4% of SK's sales, neither company was willing for them to be sold to another pharmaceutical company to facilitate the merger. SK was also investigated by a congressional committee for overpricing of cancer treatments. SK infuriated the committee by refusing to hand over information about Kytril, its anti-nausea drug for chemotheraphy patients. ("Federal smoke delays merger," Andrew Clark, ''The Guardian'', October 10, 2000).
 
:Pharmaceutical giants Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham merged on December 27, 2000, making the new company the world's biggest drugs group by sales. Glaxo Wellcome markets Zyban (buproprion) and SKB markets Nicoderm CQ nicotine patch and Nicorette gum. One of the major holdups in getting FTC approval for the merger was that both companies sold smoking cessation products, but even though these cessation products accounted for less than 4% of SK's sales, neither company was willing for them to be sold to another pharmaceutical company to facilitate the merger. SK was also investigated by a congressional committee for overpricing of cancer treatments. SK infuriated the committee by refusing to hand over information about Kytril, its anti-nausea drug for chemotheraphy patients. ("Federal smoke delays merger," Andrew Clark, ''The Guardian'', October 10, 2000).
:In 1999, SmithKline Beecham Consumer Healthcare's combined U.S. sales of Nicorette and NicoDerm CQ reached $570 million. The company also markets its nicotine patch under the trade name "NiQuitin CQ" in Belgium, France, Denmark, Mexico and Brazil and under "Nicabate" in Australia and New Zealand, where it was the number one smoking cessation product in 1999 ([http://archive.tobacco.org/resources/rendezvous/ashburn.html Philippe Boucher's Rendez-vous with ... Leslie A. Ashburn, Communications Supervisor for GlaxoSmithKline, January 29, 2001]).
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:In 1999, SmithKline Beecham Consumer Healthcare's combined U.S. sales of Nicorette and NicoDerm CQ reached $570 million. The company also markets its nicotine patch under the trade name "NiQuitin CQ" in Belgium, France, Denmark, Mexico and Brazil and under "Nicabate" in Australia and New Zealand, where it was the number one smoking cessation product in 1999 (Philippe Boucher's Rendez-vous with ... Leslie A. Ashburn, Communications Supervisor for GlaxoSmithKline, January 29, 2001).
 
 
 
===Pharmacia===  
 
===Pharmacia===  
 
:(Also Pharmacia & Upjohn).  
 
:(Also Pharmacia & Upjohn).  
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===ATP===  
 
===ATP===  
 
:[Advanced Tobacco Products, Inc./Advanced Therapeutic Products]
 
:[Advanced Tobacco Products, Inc./Advanced Therapeutic Products]
:Sold their patented nicotine technology, which forms the basis of the Nicorette/Nicotrol Inhaler, to what once was Pharmacia Corporation, in exchange for product payments of 3% of Pharmacia's net sales. In July, Pharmacia announced it had reacquired the rights to market the Nicotrol Inhaler in North America from McNeil PPC, Inc., a unit of Johnson & Johnson. As a result of the Nicotrol takeback, Pharmacia said it has a renewed interest in consumer advertizing as well as the professional detailing of doctors and healthcare providers" ("ATP Announces Fiscal Year Results, Dividend Payments & British Medical Study of the Nicotine Inhaler," Company Press Release, November 28, 2000).  
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:Sold their patented nicotine technology, which forms the basis of the Nicorette/Nicotrol Inhaler, to what once was Pharmacia Corporation, in exchange for product payments of 3% of Pharmacia's net sales. In July, Pharmacia announced it had reacquired the rights to market the Nicotrol Inhaler in North America from McNeil PPC, Inc., a unit of Johnson & Johnson. As a result of the Nicotrol takeback, Pharmacia said it has a renewed interest in consumer advertising as well as the professional detailing of doctors and healthcare providers" ("ATP Announces Fiscal Year Results, Dividend Payments & British Medical Study of the Nicotine Inhaler," Company Press Release, November 28, 2000).  
 
===Hoechst Marion Roussel===  
 
===Hoechst Marion Roussel===  
 
:(the pharmaceutical company of Hoechst)
 
:(the pharmaceutical company of Hoechst)
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:"Novartis Pharma To Launch Nicotine Patches in Japan," ''NewsEdge'', May 11, 1999. "Although the patches are available over-the-counter in 29 countries, they will require a doctor's prescription in Japan and will not be covered by insurance."  
 
:"Novartis Pharma To Launch Nicotine Patches in Japan," ''NewsEdge'', May 11, 1999. "Although the patches are available over-the-counter in 29 countries, they will require a doctor's prescription in Japan and will not be covered by insurance."  
 
===Pfizer===  
 
===Pfizer===  
:Discovers, develops, manufactures and markets leading prescription medicines for humans and animals, and many of the world's best known consumer products. Pfizer had global revenues of $29.6 billion in 2000. In 2000 Pfizer took over Warner-Lambert. Pfizer is developing a new agent for smoking cessation, currently known as CP-526,555, "that relieves both cravings and withdrawal symptoms and blocks the reinforcing effect of smoking" ("Pfizer to Advance Industry Leadership Through the Best People, Products And Pipeline, Steere Tells Shareholders," Company Press Release, April 26, 2001).
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:Discovers, develops, manufactures and markets leading prescription medicines for humans and animals, and many of the world's best known consumer products. Pfizer had global revenues of $29.6 billion in 2000. In 2000 Pfizer took over Warner-Lambert. Pfizer is developing a new agent for smoking cessation, currently known as CP-526,555, "that relieves both cravings and withdrawal symptoms and blocks the reinforcing effect of smoking." ("Pfizer to Advance Industry Leadership Through the Best People, Products And Pipeline, Steere Tells Shareholders," Company Press Release, April 26, 2001).
 
:Main sponsor for TC conferences and main supporter of the FCTC.
 
:Main sponsor for TC conferences and main supporter of the FCTC.

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